What is Peripheral Neuropathy?

 

Peripheral neuropathy is a condition that affects the peripheral nerves – the network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves control sensation, movement, and autonomic functions such as blood pressure and digestion. When damaged, they may not work properly, leading to symptoms such as:

 

• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet

• Burning, stabbing, or electric shock-like pain

• Muscle weakness or cramping

• Loss of coordination or balance

• Sensitivity to touch

 

There are many possible causes, including diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, autoimmune conditions, inherited nerve disorders, alcohol, certain medications, and nerve injuries.

 

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Why Have I Been Referred for Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG)?

 

Your doctor may have recommended these tests to:

 

• Confirm whether your symptoms are due to nerve or muscle problems

• Identify the type of nerve damage (e.g. affecting sensory nerves, motor nerves, or both)

• Determine whether the problem is in the nerve fibres themselves (axonal) or in their insulation (myelin)

• Pinpoint the pattern and distribution of nerve involvement

• Guide treatment decisions and help monitor progression

 

These tests provide detailed information that may not be readily derived from scans or blood tests alone.

 

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What to Expect During the Test

 

Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS):Small electrodes are placed on the skin over your nerves and muscles. A mild electrical pulse is applied to stimulate the nerve. This produces a tingling sensation, similar to a static shock, which lasts for a few seconds. The responses are recorded and analysed to see how well your nerves are working.

 

Electromyography (EMG): EMG is not always required during an assessment for peripheral neuropathy, but can at times be recommended depending on the findings of the NCS during the test, or additional clinical questions that your referring doctor has raised. A very fine, disposable sterile needle is inserted into selected muscles. You will be asked to relax and then gently contract the muscle. The needle records the electrical activity of the muscle, which is displayed on a screen and analysed. The test can be slightly uncomfortable for some patients but is generally well tolerated. There are no lasting side effects, though some people notice mild temporary soreness or minor bruising in the tested muscles.

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For further information on NCS/EMG, please visit our information page here

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Summary

 

Peripheral neuropathy can be a common finding, although the objective of investigations is to determine the pattern of neuropathy, and the underlying cause. This is to ensure that any potentially reversible causes are identified and treated accordingly. NCS and EMG are safe, specialised tests that help diagnose the type and cause of nerve damage, and the results are used to guide treatment and ongoing management.